Ɔkwan A Wobɛfa So Akenkan Nwoma Ama Woakora So Mfeɛ Baako Akyi

Woawie nwoma no akenkan. Wokenkan wɔ keteke mu ne awia aduane berɛ ne simma aduonu ansa na woada, wo ne ɛfa bi gyee akyinnyeɛ, na ti mmienu sesaa sɛnea wususuw wo adwuma ho ampa. Abosome nsia akyi obi bisa wo deɛ ɛka ho, na wote sɛ woka sɛ na nwoma no yɛ papa paa.

Saa akwan a atwa mu no nyɛ nkae mu bɔne, na ɛnyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne sɛ woankenkan no yiye. Ɛyɛ nhyehyɛeɛ mu haw. Akenkan yɛ adeɛ a wode kɔ wo mu, na deɛ wode kɔ mu no ntena hɔ gyesɛ biribi ma ɛtena hɔ. Ano aduru no sua, ɛfata dɔnhwere a wode di dwuma dada no mu, na ɛsesa deɛ akenkan yɛ: ɛnyɛ adeɛ a wodi kɛkɛ, ɛyɛ adeɛ a wode di dwuma. Sɛ woyɛ sɛnei nsɛm yi kyerɛkyerɛ mu no, dɔnhwere baako a wo ne nwoma di no yɛ dɔnhwere baako a wode di dwuma sɛnea dɔnhwere baako a wo ne nnwomtoɔ akode yɛ, na ɛhia mmɔden bɛyɛ saa ara.

Adɛn nti na mewerɛ firi nwoma no fa dodoɔ no ara wɔ abosome kakraa bi a makenkan no akyi?

Ɛfiri sɛ akenkan te sɛ adesua wɔ berɛ a ɛrekɔ so no, nanso saa nkate no nyɛ adesua ankasa. Ɔkwan a wobɛfa akenkan mu ntɛm no yɛ afidie: sɛ wosane kenkan kratafa baako ne mprenu so a, ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen deɛ edi kan no, na wo amemene kyerɛ saa mmerɛwyɛ no sɛ nimdeɛ, na wode ahotoso to nwoma no mu wɔ nsɛm a wubetumi ahyɛ da nanso worentumi nka mfiri wo tirim ho.

Nhwehwɛmu a John Dunlosky ne ne nkitahodifoɔ yɛe maa nsɛmma nwoma Psychological Science in the Public Interest, hwehwɛɛ akwan edu a wɔtaa fa so sua adeɛ no mu, na wɔhwehwɛɛ biara ho wɔ nkitahoɔ a wɔwɔ ho no fam. Sane akenkan ne nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔde yɛ krataa a ɛyɛ opanin biara adwuma no, kɔɔ ekuo a mfasoɔ nni mu paa no mu. Ho sɔhwɛ ne adesua a wɔyɛ no fapem no dii kan. Ɛno nyɛ nsɛm a ɛfa wo ahyɛso ho. Ɛyɛ nsɛm a ɛfa dwumadie bɛn na ɛgya nsɛnkyerɛnne.

Enti nea wɔde susu nwoma no nyɛ dodoɔ a w'ani gyee ho, na ɛnyɛ sɛ woduruu kratafa a ɛtwa toɔ no. Susudua no ne sɛ, wubetumi aka akyinnyeɛ no mu asɛm bere a nwoma no ano to mu. Nea ɛwɔ aseɛ ha nyinaa, wɔyɛɛ no de sɔɔ eyi hwɛeɛ bere a nwoma no da so ara wɔ wo nsam, na mmuaeɛ no da nkratafa dumienu akyi kɛkɛ.

Dɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ meyɛ wɔ ti biara awieɛ?

To nwoma no mu na kyerɛw nkasakasa mmiɛnsa firi wo nkae mu: deɛ ti no kaeɛ, deɛ ɛmaa wo gyee di, ne baabi a wubɛka wo ho nsɛm. Nhwɛ nwoma no mu bio, simma enum ara ne bɔfɔɔ, na kyerɛw sɛnea ɛte biara.

Yei ne adeyɛ a wɔfrɛ no retrieval practice, deɛ ɛne sɛ wosan kae adeɛ firi wo tirim, na ɛyɛ akwan mmienu pɛ a Dunlosky nhwehwɛmu no kaa sɛ mfasoɔ wɔ so kɛseɛ mu baako, ka wo adesua berɛ a wode gu mmerɛ soronko ho. Jeffrey Karpicke ne Janell Blunt, wɔ Science nsɛmma nwoma mu, wɔtoo asuafoɔ a wɔsuaa nkyerɛwee bi denam kwan a wɔde yɛ mfonini a ɛkyerɛ adwene nkitahoɔ ho ne asuafoɔ a wɔkenkan na wɔsan de firii wɔn tirim kaeɛ no. Ekuo a wɔsan de firii wɔn tirim kaeɛ no yɛɛ yie wɔ sɔhwɛ a wɔyɛeɛ dapɛn baako akyi, na mfasoɔ no daa adi wɔ nsɛmmisa a emu yɛ den a ɛhwehwɛ nsusuiɛ, ɛnyɛ deɛ ɛhwehwɛ nokware kɛkɛ. Henry Roediger ne Karpicke deɛ na wɔahunu sɛnea nsɛm no teɛ dada: sane sua adeɛ no di mu wɔ simma enum a edi kan no mu, nanso sane kae adeɛ no di mu wɔ nna mmienu ne dapɛn baako akyi, na ɛno ne berɛ a ɛfata wo ampa.

Mfasoɔ no wɔ sɛnea wobɛsan de akae no mu, ɛnyɛ nkyerɛweɛ no yɛ fɛ mu, enti nyɛ nkasakasa no yiye dodo. Kasakuo a worentumi nwie no yɛ ɔfa a wonte ase, na sɛ wohunu wɔ ti no awieɛ sen sɛ wobɛhunu no mfeɛ baako akyi no, ɛno ne asɛntitire no nyinaa. Mmerɛ a edi kan no, ebia worentumi nka biribiara mfiri ti a na w'ani gye ho simma edu a atwam no ho. Ɛno ne nokorɛ ahyɛaseɛ. Ɛkɔ so ntɛm, na ɛkɔ so ntɛm ɛfiri sɛ afei woreyɛ akenkan fa a emu yɛ den no sen fa a ɛyɛ dɛ no nko ara.

Ɛkwan bɛn so na mɛfa ahunu deɛ ɛfata sɛ mekora firi nwoma mu?

Yɛ nsɛnkyerɛnne kratafa enum pɛ a wobɛtumi agye ho akyinnyeɛ. Ɛnyɛ deɛ wo ne no yɛ adwene no, na mmom enum a sɛ obi a wodi no ni ka kyerɛ wo sɛ nwoma no mu nni hwee a wobɛgye ho akyinnyeɛ soronko mu.

Nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔde krankye yɛ no nyɛ adwuma ɛfiri sɛ ɛnhwehwɛ hwee. Krankye a ɛyɛ nsɛnkyerɛnne wɔ ɔfa aduanan so no ama biribiara mu aduanan yɛ pɛ so titire, na ɛno ara na ɛyɛ sɛ wɔ mu biara nyɛ titire, na mfeɛ baako akyi no nsɛnkyerɛnne no renka wo hwee gyesɛ na wonna. Anohyeto denden a ɛyɛ enum no hyɛ wo ma woyɛ atemmuo, na atemmuo no mu na adesua no wɔ. Sɛ woduru kratafa 200 na wopɛ sɛ woyɛ nsia no a, ɛsɛ sɛ wosane kɔ akyi na woyi baako firi enum no mu, na saa ntotoso no bɛkyerɛ wo adeɛ sen kratafa biara a ɛnkɔ bi.

Nkratafa enum a wobɛtumi agye ho akyinnyeɛ no ne nwoma no ankasa. Deɛ aka no yɛ mpontenten a ɛde wo baa hɔ.

Awieeɛ no, twerɛ saa enum no gu baabiara, wɔ w'ankasa nsɛm mu, na fa kratafa nɔma no ka ho. Saa kratafa no ne deɛ wobɛkora so. Mfeɛ baako akyi no, worensan mmue nkratafa ahasa, nanso wobɛsan abue baako, na kratafa a w'ankasa wokyerɛweɛ no yɛ mmerɛw sɛ wobɛhwehwɛ mu asɛm, sɛnea obi foforɔ nkyerɛwee nsusuiɛ ntumi nyɛ da.

Ɛkwan bɛn so na mɛma adwene baako a ɛfiri nwoma mu atena me tirim nnawɔtwe baako mu?

Fa di dwuma wɔ soronko mu, wɔ nna nson mu, wo ne obi a ɔbɛtumi asɔre atia wo. Ɛnyɛ tiawatwerɛ na ɛnyɛ afotu: fa adwene baako, fa di dwuma wɔ asɛnnie ankasa bi a ɛwɔ obi a ɔnim adesua no ho biribi anim, na ma no ne wo nnye akyinnyeɛ.

Yei ne ɔkwan ntɛmntɛm a ɛboro so a wode besɔ deɛ w'anya ampa firi akenkan no mu ahwɛ. Nsusuiɛ a wonte ase yiye no tumi tena hɔ wɔ komm mu akenkan berɛ, nanso ɛntumi ntena hɔ sɛ wɔbisa asɛm. Mpɛn pii wobɛhunu baabi a nsɛm ntoto simma mmienu mu, bere a obi bisa wo deɛ ebesi wɔ tebea a nkyerɛwfoɔ no ammɔ ho nkae da mu, na baabi a wugyina hɔ no ne aporɔw no. San kɔ nwoma no mu wɔ saa ɔfa no nko, na ɛbɛgye simma bɛyɛ edu, na mfasoɔ wɔ so sen sɛ wobɛsan akenkan nwoma no nyinaa bio.

Nkɛntɛnso a ɛtɔ so mmienu wɔ hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wohunu, ɛfiri sɛ ɛma wonya mfasoɔ no fa bi ansa na nkitahodie no aba mu. John Nestojko ne ne nkitahodifoɔ maa nnipa suaa nkyerɛwee bi, na wɔhwɛɛ wɔn a wɔn ani da so sɛ wɔbɛsɔ wɔn ahwɛ ne wɔn a wɔn ani da so sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ osuani foforɔ. Ekuo a na wɔn ani da so sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛkyerɛ no de nkae a edi mu na ɛhyehyɛ yiye bae, aeɛ mpo a wɔankyerɛkyerɛ obiara biribi. Kenkan ti no sɛnea worebɛkyerɛkyerɛ wo yɔnko wɔ Yawda, na w'adwenkyerɛ sesa ɛberɛ a wokenkan da so ara.

Nwoma dodoɔ sɛn na ɛsɛ sɛ mekenkan ansa na manya nimdeɛ wɔ biribi mu?

Ɛyɛ kakraa sen sɛnea wususuw, nanso wɔyɛ mu adwuma denneennen. Deɛ ɛkyerɛ ɛnyɛ dodoɔ a woawie akenkan, ɛyɛ dodoɔ a wo ne no gyee akyinnyeɛ na afei wode dii dwuma wɔ adwuma ankasa mu, enti nwoma kakraa a wɔde saa ɔkwan yi yɛ no de wo bɛkɔ akyiri sen deɛ ɛware a wɔde ahoɔhare akenkan.

Dodoɔ ne adeɛ a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen biara wɔ akenkan mu susudua, na ɛno nso na ɛnkitahoɔ pii ne nyansa, ɛno nti na nwoma dodoɔ wɔ afe biara bɛyɛɛ ɔmanfoɔ nsusudua. Obiara ntumi nhu sɛ wobɛtumi de emu bi adi dwuma. Sɛ wopɛ nɔma bi a wobɛdi akyiri a, di nnɔnhwere a woahyɛ mu mmɔden akyiri mmom. Dɔnhwere baako a wode gyee akyinnyeɛ wɔ ti baako ho na wode dii dwuma Dwoada no bɔ nnɔnhwere ɛnan a wode kenkan kratafa foforɔ so, na ɛno ne deɛ ɛpue wɔ w'adwuma mu baabi a nnipa foforɔ bɛtumi ahyɛ no nsɔ.

Nsonsonoeɛ baako wɔ hɔ a mfasoɔ wɔ so. Kenkan nneɛma pii wɔ asɛm bi ahyɛaseɛ na afei wo ntia w'ani so akyire yi. Ahyɛaseɛ no wosi mapo, na ɛtrɛw a ɛtrɛw no mmɔ den, na nwoma a ɛnyɛ papa mpo bɛkyerɛ wo baabi a asɛm no anohyeto wɔ. Sɛ woapaw deɛ wopɛ sɛ wobɛnya ho nimdeɛ ankasa a, sesa: nkyerɛwee mmiɛnsa anaa ɛnan a ɛyɛ fapem a wobɛsan akɔ so mprɛnu mprɛnu no bɛboro nkyerɛwee foforɔ a ɛba daa so, ɛfiri sɛ wɔkɔ so mprenu so no na wohu afa a na woasiesie wo ho mmaa berɛ a edi kan no, na wobɛtumi ate deɛ woakɔ so akyiri no nka pefee.

Akenkan a emu yɛ den da so ara yɛ ɔkwan a ɛyɛ ntɛm

Yeinom mu biara mma akenkan nyɛ mmerɛw. Nkasakasa mmiɛnsa a efiri nkae mu wɔ ti biara awieɛ mu no yɛ den sen akenkan kɛkɛ. Nkratafa enum a wobɛgye ho akyinnyeɛ no yɛ den sen sɛ wode nsɛnkyerɛnne bɛyɛ aduanan. Sɛ wode adwene baako bɛkɔ akyerɛ obi a onim asɛm sen wo na woama wahwehwɛ mfomsoɔ afiri mu no yɛ den sen mmienu no nyinaa, na ɛno ne anammɔn a ɛpaepae nnipa a wɔakenkan nneɛma pii ne wɔn a wɔwɔ nimdeɛ wɔ biribi mu ntam.

Ɛsan yɛ ɔkwan a ɛnhwehwɛ berɛ foforɔ mfa nka deɛ wowɔ ho. Wode dɔnhwere no redi dwuma dada. Yei de gyinapɛn to so, na gyinapɛn no ne deɛ ɛma berɛ a wode adi dwuma dane nimdeɛ a woanya.

Enti kora w'anidasoɔ so, na kora wo nwoma dodoɔ nso so. Kenkan nwoma a emu yɛ den, kenkan deɛ ɛkorɔn kakraa sen w'abo, kenkan pii sen sɛnea wususuw sɛ ɛfata. To nwoma no mu ara wɔ ti no awieɛ, kyerɛw nkasakasa mmiɛnsa no ɛntɛ sɛnea ɛte biara, gye enum no ho akyinnyeɛ, na ka biribi baako soronko mu saa dapɛn yi kyerɛ obi a ɔne wo rennye ntam. Mfeɛ baako akyi, sɛ obi bisa wo deɛ nwoma no fa ho a, worennfa nwoma no anim mmua no.

Nsuti

• Science, Adekaesan Ma Adesua Foforɔ Sen Adesua a Wɔde Adwene Mfonini Yɛ
• Psychological Science, Adesua A Wɔde Sɔhwɛ Ahyɛ Mu Den: Nkae Sɔhwɛ a Wɔyɛ No Boa Berɛ Tenten Mu Kora
• Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Sukuufoɔ Adesua Ma Ɛyɛ Papa Denam Adesua Akwan A Ɛyɛ Adwuma So
• Memory & Cognition, Sɛ Woahyɛ Wo Ho Sɛ Wobɛkyerɛkyerɛ No Boa Adesua Ne Nimdeɛ Nhyehyɛeɛ Wɔ Nkyerɛwee Mu Nkae A Wɔyɛ No Kwa