Amathiphu asheshayo
- Ekugcineni kwesahluko ngasinye, bhala amasho amathathu ngokukhumbula.
- Phawula amakhasi amahlanu kuphela ongawavikela.
- Sebenzisa umqondo owodwa ngokuzwakalayo phakathi kwesonto.
Uqedile incwadi. Uyifunde esitimeleni nangesikhathi sasemini nangemizuzu engamashumi amabili ngaphambi kokulala, waphikisana nezinye izingxenye zayo, futhi izahluko ezimbili zaguqula ngempela indlela ocabanga ngayo ngomsebenzi wakho. Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha othile uyakubuza ukuthi yayimayelana nani, uzizwe uzisho ukuthi yayimnandi impela.
Leli gebe akulona iphutha lenkumbulo futhi akuwona uphawu lokuthi ufunde ngendlela engalungile. Kuyinkinga yohlelo. Ukufunda kuyinto ongenayo, izinto ezingenayo azihlali ngaphandle kokuba kube khona okuzenza zihlale. Isixazululo sincane, singena ngaphakathi kwamahora osewuwasebenzisa, futhi siguqula ukuthi ukufunda kuyini: akuseyona into oyidlayo, kodwa into oyizilolongayo. Uma kwenziwa ngendlela lo mbhalo owuchazayo, ihora elilodwa nencwadi lifana nehora lokuzilolonga, ngezinga elifanayo nehora lokuzilolonga ngento yomculo, futhi lifuna umzamo ofanayo.
Kungani ngikhohlwa ingxenye enkulu yencwadi ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemva kokuyifunda?
Ngoba ukufunda kuzwakala njengokufunda ngesikhathi kusenzeka, futhi lowo muzwa akuwona ukufunda ngempela. Ukukhuluma kalula uwugibe: ukuphinda ukufunda ikhasi okwesibili kulula kunokokuqala, ubuchopho bakho bufunda lobo bulula njengokwazi, uvale incwadi unesiqiniseko ngendaba ongayihlonza kodwa ongeke ukwazi ukuyikhipha wena.
Ucwaningo olwabuyekeza amasu ayishumi avamile okufunda, olwenziwa nguJohn Dunlosky nozakwabo lomagazini iPsychological Science in the Public Interest, lwalinganisa ngalunye ngokobufakazi. Ukuphinda ukufunda nokugqamisa, izinto ezimbili ozenzayo cishe wonke umuntu omdala encwadini, kwawela eqenjini elinenzuzo ephansi. Ukuzivivinya ngokukhumbula nokuzilolonga ngezikhathi ezihlukene kwaba phezulu. Lokho akuyona incazelo yesiqondiso sakho. Kuyincazelo yokuthi yiyiphi imisebenzi eshiya umkhondo.
Ngakho izinga lencwadi akulona ukuthi wayijabulela kangakanani noma ukuthi wafinyelela ekhasini lokugcina. Izinga ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukuveza impikiswano ngesikhathi ikhava ivaliwe. Konke okungezansi kwakhelwe ukuhlola lokho ngesikhathi incwadi isesandleni sakho futhi impendulo isemakhasini ayishumi nambili emuva kuphela.
Yini okufanele ngiyenze ekugcineni kwesahluko ngasinye?
Vala incwadi ubhale amasho amathathu ngokukhumbula: yini eyayishiwo yisahluko, yini eyakuqinisekisa, kanye nokuthi ungaphikisana naphi. Ungalunguzi, imizuzu emihlanu okukhulu kunayo, futhi ubhale wona ngisho noma engakahluzeki kahle.
Leli yisu elibizwa nge-retrieval practice, ukuzilolonga ngokukhumbula, futhi yilinye lamasu amabili kuphela ucwaningo lukaDunlosky olwathi anenzuzo ephakeme, kanye nokwahlukanisa izikhathi zokufunda. UJeffrey Karpicke noJanell Blunt, ababhala kumagazini iScience, baqhathanisa abafundi abafunde umbhalo ngesu lokwakha imephu yemibono nabafundi abawufunda kamuva bazilolonga ukuwukhumbula. Iqembu elizilolongayo ngokukhumbula lisebenze kangcono kusivivinyo ngemva kwesonto, futhi inzuzo yabonakala kwemibuzo enzima kakhulu edinga ukuqagela, hhayi kuphela kuleyo edinga iqiniso ukuliphinda. UHenry Roediger noKarpicke base bekwazile lokhu ngaphambili: ukufunda futhi kunenzuzo emizuzwini emihlanu yokuqala, kodwa ukukhumbula kunenzuzo ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili nangemva kwesonto, okuyisikhathi ombono wakho ukuthi kubalulekile ngempela.
Inzuzo isekukhumbuleni, hhayi ekwenzeni umbhalo ube muhle, ngakho ungawahluzi amasho. Ingxenye ongakwazi ukuyiqeda iyingxenye ongayiqondanga, futhi ukuyithola ekugcineni kwesahluko kunokuyithola ngemva konyaka yiyona nkolelo yakho konke. Ekuzameni kokuqala ngokuvamile ngeke ukwazi ukukhipha lutho olusemqoka esahlukweni owawusijabulela imizuzwana eyishumi eyedlule. Lokho kuyisisekelo esiqotho. Kuyaqhubeka ngokushesha, futhi kuqhubeka ngoba manje wenza ingxenye enzima yokufunda kunokwenza ingxenye emnandi kuphela.
Ngingakwazi kanjani ukunquma ukuthi yini eqotho okufanele igcinwe encwadini?
Phawula amakhasi amahlanu kuphela ongawavikela. Hhayi izingxenye ovumelana nazo, kodwa lawo mahlanu ongawaphikisela ngokuzwakalayo uma umuntu omhloniphayo ekutshela ukuthi incwadi ayinamsoco.
Ukugqamisa akusebenzi ngoba akunantengo. Ipeni eliphawula izingxenye ezingamashumi amane lenza izinto ezingamashumi amane zibaluleke ngokulinganayo, okufana nokungabaluleki nakanye kwazo, futhi ngemva konyaka izimpawu azikutsheli lutho ngaphandle kokuthi wawuvukile ngesikhathi ufunda. Umkhawulo oqinile wamahlanu ukuphoqa ukuba wenze isinqumo, futhi lesi sinqumo yilapho ukufunda kuqhamuka khona. Uma ufinyelela ekhasini lama-200 ufuna okwesithupha, kufanele ubuyele emuva ukhiphe elinye kulawo mahlanu, futhi lokho kuqhathanisa kukufundisa okwedlula noma yikuphi ikhasi elilodwa lodwa.
Amakhasi amahlanu ongawavikela yiyo incwadi. Okunye konke kuyinsika ekulethe kuwo.
Ekugcineni, kopisha lawo mahlanu ubufake ndaweni eyodwa, ngamazwi akho, unamathisele izinombolo zamakhasi eceleni kwawo. Yilelo khasi okuzogcina. Ngemva konyaka, ngeke uphinde uvule amakhasi angamakhulu amathathu, kodwa uzophinda uvule elilodwa, futhi ikhasi olibhale wena uqobo lulula ukuliphenya ngendlela okulingiswe uhlelo lomunye umuntu engeke lube khona.
Ngingakwazi kanjani ukwenza umqondo owodwa uvela encwadini ubambelele ngaphakathi kwesonto?
Wusebenzise ngokuzwakalayo, ngaphakathi kwezinsuku eziyisikhombisa, nomuntu ozokuphikisa. Akulona isifinyezo futhi akulona iseluleko: thatha umqondo owodwa, uwusebenzise enkingeni yangempela phambi komuntu owazi lo mkhakha, umvumele akuphikise.
Lena yindlela esheshayo kunazo zonke yokuhlola ukuthi yini ngempela oyithole ekufundeni. Imibono engaqondwanga ngokugcwele isinda kalula ekufundeni ngokuthula, kodwa ayisindi uma kubuzwa umbuzo. Ngokuvamile uzothola ubuthakathaka ngaphakathi kwemizuzu emibili, ngesikhathi umuntu ebuza ukuthi kwenzekani esimweni umbhali angakaze asixoxe, futhi lapho umisa khona yisikhala. Buyela encwadini ngenxa yaleyo ngxenye kuphela, okuzothatha imizuzu eyishumi cishe futhi kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuphinda ufunde yonke incwadi.
Kukhona nomphumela wesibili okufanele wazi ngawo, ngoba ukuvumela uthole ingxenye yenzuzo ngaphambi kokuba ingxoxo yenzeke. UJohn Nestojko nozakwabo benza abantu bafunde indima, bathi bazolinjwa noma bazoyifundisa omunye umfundi. Iqembu elalilindele ukufundisa lakhipha ukukhumbula okuphelele nokuhlelekile kangcono, ngisho noma kungazange kufundiswe lutho ngempela. Funda isahluko sengathi uzoyichaza kozakwenu ngoLwesine futhi ukunaka kwakho kuyaguquka isimo ngenkathi usafunda.
Zingaki izincwadi engidinga ukuzifunda ukuze ngikwazi into?
Zimbalwa kunalokho ocabanga khona, kodwa okusetshenzwe kuzo ngokushesha okukhulu. Okunquma akulona inani lezincwadi ozifundile, kodwa yinani lalezo ophikisane nazo wabese uzisebenzisa emsebenzini wangempela, ngakho iqoqo elincane elenziwe ngale ndlela likuhambisa kude kunohlu olude olufundwe ngokushesha.
Inani liyinto elula kunazo zonke yokulinganisa mayelana nokufunda futhi lihlobene kancane kakhulu nekhono, yingakho izincwadi ngonyaka zaba isilinganiso esibonwa nguwonke umuntu. Akekho ongabona ukuthi ungasebenzisa yini noma yiyiphi kuzo. Uma udinga inombolo oyilandelayo, landela amahora okuzilolonga esikhundleni salokho. Ihora elichithwe uphikisana nesahluko esisodwa bese usisebenzisa ngoMsombuluko lingcono kunamahora amane amakhasi amasha, futhi yilona hlobo elibonakala emsebenzini wakho lapho abanye abantu bengabona khona.
Kukhona umehluko owodwa owusizo. Funda ngokubanzi ekuqaleni kwesihloko bese ufunda ngokugxile kamuva. Ekuqaleni wakha imephu, ububanzi buyashibhile, futhi incwadi engelutho isayikwazi ukukutshela ukuthi imikhawulo yalo mkhakha ikuphi. Uma usuyikhethile into ofisa ukuba muhle kuyo ngempela, shintsha: imibhalo emithathu noma emine eyisisekelo ephindwa ukubukwa ngezikhathi ezihlukene izokwedlula uhlelo oluqhubekayo lwezincwadi ezintsha, ngoba ekufundeni okwesibili uthola izingxenye owawungakalungeli kwakuqala, futhi ungakwazi ukuzwa ukuthi usuqhubekele kangakanani.
Ukufunda ngendlela enzima kusenayo indlela esheshayo
Akukho lapha okwenza ukufunda kube lula. Amasho amathathu ngokukhumbula ekugcineni kwesahluko ngasinye kunzima kunokufunda nje. Ukuvikela amakhasi amahlanu kunzima kunokugqamisa amakhulu amane. Ukuthatha umqondo owodwa uye kumuntu owazi okwedlula wena umvumele athole igebe kuwo kunzima kunazo zombili, futhi lesi yisinyathelo esihlukanisa abantu abafunde izinto eziningi nabantu abakhaliphe entweni ethile.
Kanjalo, akudingi isikhathi esengeziwe. Usuvele uchitha amahora. Lokhu kufaka izinga phezu kwawo, futhi izinga yilokho okuphendula isikhathi esichithiwe kube yikhono elizuziwe.
Ngakho gcina isifiso sakho, uphinde ugcine iqoqo lakho lezincwadi. Funda incwadi enzima, funda leyo ephakeme kancane kunezinga lakho, funda eziningi kunalokho okubukeka kufanele. Vala nje incwadi ekugcineni kwesahluko, ubhale amasho amathathu noma engahlelekanga kahle, uvikele amakhasi amahlanu, futhi usho into eyodwa ngokuzwakalayo kuleli sonto komuntu ozophikisana nawe. Ngemva konyaka, uma umuntu ekubuza ukuthi incwadi yayimayelana nani, ngeke uphendule ngekhava yayo.
Imithombo
- Science, Ukuzilolonga Ngokukhumbula Kuveza Ukufunda Okwengeziwe Kunokufunda Okuhlelekile Ngemephu Yemibono
- Psychological Science, Ukufunda Okuthuthukiswe Ngokuvivinya: Ukwenza Izivivinyo Zenkumbulo Kuthuthukisa Ukugcina Isikhathi Eside
- Psychological Science in the Public Interest, Ukuthuthukisa Ukufunda Kwabafundi Ngamasu Okufunda Asebenzayo
- Memory & Cognition, Ukulindela Ukufundisa Kuthuthukisa Ukufunda Nokuhlelwa Kolwazi Ekukhumbuleni Ngokukhululekile Izingxenye Zombhalo